Controlled clinical trials showed that people who listened to music before their procedure experienced less anxiety and required fewer sedatives. People who listened to music during surgery reported less discomfort. The use of opioid painkillers was reduced when music was playing in the recovery area. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are associated with anxiety.​

Patients with acute and chronic pain and those who have arthritis or severe pain have been subject to music therapy. Music therapy reduces pain perception, decreases the need for pain medication, relieves depression, and gives patients a better sense of control over their pain.